Frequency of Enuresis and the Factors Associated with it in School-going Children of Karachi, Pakistan
Keywords:
frequency, enuresis, children, factorAbstract
Objective:
This study was designed to spot the elegant of the frequency of enuresis and the factors associated with it in school going children Karachi, Pakistan.
Study Design:
Cross-sectional study.
Materials and Methods:
Study Setting: Private and Public schools in the different areas of Karachi. School children from age 5 to 15 years. Calculated by using 9.1% prevalence with a maximum error of ±2% and a confidence interval of 99 %, the sample size was found out to be 1371. A total of 3000 questionnaires were distributed, of which only 1236 were returned. Thus, the response rate was 41.2%. Convenient sampling was adopted. Data for the study was collected from school children ages 5-15 years, interviewing their parents through a structured questionnaire regarding child’s height and weight, parents education and occupation, monthly income, presence or absence of enuresis, duration, associated complications, family history management.
Results:
The study showed frequency of enuresis 13.1%, in which males were 15.9%, while the females were 10.2%. The data collected from public (13.9%) and private (12.5%) sector. A significant relationship was found between the frequency of enuresis and the factors (i.e. age, gender, town, family history, co-morbidities, social behavior, BMI) after using x2 test.
Conclusion:
This is a common disorder among school going children in Karachi and concern is present in parents and children both. The lack of knowledge and awareness is there, so that to educate the parent and children, awareness programs and campaigns should be organized.
Downloads
References
Butler RJ. Annotation: night wetting in children: psychological aspects. J Child psychol psychiatry 1998; 39:453-63.
Byrd RS, Weitzman M, Lanphear NE, Auinger P. Bed- wetting in US children: epidemiology and related behavior problems. Pediatrics 1996; 98:414-9.
Foxman B, Valdez RB, Brook RH. Childhood enuresis: prevalence, perceived impact, and prescribed treatments. Pediatrics 1986; 77:482-7.
Arnell H, Hjälmås K, Jägervall M, Läckgren G, Stenberg A, Bengtsson B, et al. The genetics of primary nocturnal enuresis: inheritance and suggestion of a second major gene on chromosome 12q. J Med Genetics 1997; 34:360-5.
Sarici H, Telli O, Ozgur BC, Demirbas A, Ozgur S, Karagoz MA. Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and its influence on quality of life in school-aged children. J Pediatric Urol 2015.
Azevedo Soster L, Alves R, Fagundes SN, Koch VH, Bruni O. Sleep disturbances associated with sleep enuresis: A questionnaire study. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : Official J Eu Paediatric Neurol Soc 2016; 20:282-5.
Sharifiaghdas F, Sharifiaghdas S, Taheri M. Primary Mono Symptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis: Monotherapy versus Combination Therapy. Urology 2016.
von Gontard A, de Jong TP, Rantell A, NieuwhofLeppink A, Badawi JK, Cardozo L. Do we manage incontinence in children and adults with special needs adequately? ICI-RS 2014. Neurourol Urodynamics 2016; 35:304-6.
Jain S, Bhatt GC. Advances in the management of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children. Paediatrics and international child health. 2016; 36:7-14.
Yousefichaijan P, Sharafkhah M, Salehi B, Rafiei M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with primary onosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: A case-control study. KSA J Kidn Dis Transp 2016; 27:73-80.
Chimenz R, Manti S, Fede C, Stroscio G, Visalli C, Nicotera A, et al. Primary nocturnal enuresis in children with allergic rhinitis and severe adenotonsillar hypertrophy: a single center pilot study. J Biol Regulators Homeostatic Agents 2015; 29:73-9.
Nascimento Fagundes S, Azevedo Soster L, Lebl AS, Rodrigues Pereira RP, Tanaka C, Pereira RF, et al. Impact of a multidisciplinary evaluation in pediatric patients with nocturnal monosymptomatic enuresis. Ped Nephrol (Berlin, Germany) 2016.
Hofmeester I, Brinker AE, Steffens MG, Mulder Z, van Capelle JW, Feitz WF, et al. Reference values for frequency volume chart and uroflowmetry parameters in adolescent and adult enuresis patients. Neurourol Urodynamics 2016.
Haque M, Ellerstein NS, Gundy JH, Shelov SP, Weiss JC, McIntire MS, et al. Parental perceptions of enuresis: a collaborative study. Arch Peds Adol Med 1981; 135:809.
Mithani S, Zaidi Z. Bed wetting in school children of Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc 2005; 55.
Azhir A, Frajzadegan Z, Adibi A, Hedayatpoor B, Fazel A, Divband A. An epidemiological study of enuresis among primary school children in Isfahan, Iran. KSA Med J 2006; 27:1572-7.
De Sousa A, Kapoor H, Jagtap J, Sen M. Prevalence and factors affecting enuresis amongst primary school children. Ind J Urol 2007; 23:354.
Gür E, Turhan P, Can G, Akkus S, Sever L, Güzelöz S, et al. Enuresis: prevalence, risk factors and urinary pathology among school children in Istanbul, Turkey. Peds Int 2004; 46:58-63.
Wille S. Primary nocturnal enuresis in children. Background and treatment. Scandinavian J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1993; 156:1-48.
Chiozza M, Bernardinelli L, Caione P, Del Gado R, Ferrara P, Giorgi P, et al. An Italian epidemiological multicentre study of nocturnal enuresis. Br J Urol 1998; 81:86-9.
Kanaheswari Y. Epidemiology of childhood nocturnal enuresis in Malaysia. J Paeds Child Health 2003; 39:118- 23.
Abdul-Nabi HS, Habeeb SI. Frequency of Enuresis in Primary School Children in Basra and its Impact on Their Growth.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Malik Tajuddin, Nazeer Khan, Syed Muhammad Maqsood
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the Journal of Dow University of Health Sciences are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/. This license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium; provided the original work is properly cited and initial publication in this journal. 
